| Principles of Study Design in Environmental Epidemiology Hal Morgenstern1* and Duncan Thomas2 1Department of Epidemiology, University of California
at Los Angeles, School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1772; 2Department
of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, School of Medicine,
Los Angeles, CA 90033-9987 Abstract
This paper discusses the principles of study design and related methodologic issues in environmental epidemiology. Emphasis is given to studies aimed at evaluating causal hypotheses regarding exposures to suspected health hazards. Following background sections on the quantitative objectives and methods of population-based research, we present the major types of observational designs used in environmental epidemiology: first, the three basic designs involving the individual as the unit of analysis (i.e., cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies) and a brief discussion of genetic studies for assessing gene-environment interactions ; second, various ecologic designs involving the group or region as the unit of analysis. Ecologic designs are given special emphasis in this paper because of our lack of resources or inability to accurately measure environmental exposures in large numbers of individuals. The paper concludes with a section highlighting current design issues in environmental epidemiology and several recommendations for future work. -- Environ Health Perspect 101(Suppl 4) :23-38 (1993) . Key Words: Study design, epidemiologic methods, environmental health, ecologic studies, aggregate studies, causal inference
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