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Lilian Calderon-Garcidueñas,¹ Antonio Rodriguez-Alcaraz,² Raquel Garcia,¹ Gabriela Sanchez,¹ Gerardo Barragan,³ Rosaura Camacho,⁴ and Leticia Ramirez¹

¹Experimental Pathology Section, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City
²National University of Mexico, Mexico City
³Biostatistics Section, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City
⁴Atmospheric Science Center, National University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are living in areas where ozone (O₃) concentrations exceed health standards (an hourly average of 235 µg/m³/0.12 ppm, not to be exceeded more than once per year) . Ozone induces acute nasal inflammatory responses and significant epithelial lesions in experimental animals and humans. To determine the nasal effects of a 15-day exposure to an urban polluted atmosphere with O₃ as the main pollutant, we studied a population of healthy, young males newly arrived to southwest metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC) . The study included 49 nonsmoking residents in an unpolluted port, Veracruz City ; 14 subjects stayed in the port and served as controls, while 35 subjects traveled to SWMMC and had serial nasal lavages at different times after arriving in SWMMC. Subjects had exposures to ambient O₃ an average of 10.2 hr/day, with a total cumulative O₃ exposure of 10.644 ppm*hr. Nasal inflammatory responses, polymorphonuclear leukocyte PMN-CD11b surface expression, rhinoscopic changes, and respiratory symptoms were evaluated.

Exposed subjects had massive nasal epithelial shedding and significant responses in PMN nasal influx (p<0.00001) and in PMN-CD11b expression (p<0.05) . Cumulative O₃ exposure correlated with respiratory symptoms, PMNs (r_s = 0.2374, p<0.01) , and CD11b (r_s = 0.3094, p<0.01) ; 94% of exposed subjects experienced respiratory symptoms, and 97% left the city with an abnormal nasal mucosa by rhinoscopy. Nasal epithelial changes persisted 2 weeks after the exposed subjects returned to their nonpolluted environment. Exposure to an urban polluted atmosphere induces significant and persistent nasal epithelial alterations in healthy subjects. Because O₃ is the main pollutant for SWMMC and concentrations of other pollutants (e.g., sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, total suspended particulates, formaldehyde) were well below the standard levels or undetectable, we suggest that O₃ is likely to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of the nasal alterations along with the effects of other atmospheric pollutants which were not measured. Key words: adhesion molecules, air pollution, human nasal mucosa, nasal lavage, ozone. Environ Health Perspect 102:1074-1080 (1994)

http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1994/102-12/calderon.html

Address correspondence to L. Calderon-Garcidueñas, Cerro del Vigilante no. 96, Romero de Terreros, Coyoacan 04320, México, DF Mexico.

We are indebted to Sergio Gomez-Llata for his invaluable help and support of this project. Special thanks to Humberto Bravo and his staff for kindly letting us access the atmospheric data from the Unidad de Contaminación Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, UNAM ; Guadalupe Roy-Ocotla for atmospheric data analysis ; Anna and Jessica Villarreal for their assistance in collecting clinical data ; Humberto Garnica Ornelas for the art work ; and Ana María Martínez for secretarial support. We are grateful to all the volunteers who took part in the study.

Received 10 June 1994 ; accepted 31 August 1994.