| Estimating Community Drug Abuse by Wastewater Analysis Ettore Zuccato, Chiara Chiabrando, Sara Castiglioni, Renzo Bagnati, and Roberto Fanelli Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy Abstract
Background: The social and medical problems of drug abuse are a matter of increasing global concern. To tackle drug abuse in changing scenarios, international drug agencies need fresh methods to monitor trends and patterns of illicit drug consumption. Objective: We tested a sewage epidemiology approach, using levels of excreted drug residues in wastewater, to monitor collective use of the major drugs of abuse in near real time. Methods: Selected drug target residues derived from use of cocaine, opiates, cannabis, and amphetamines were measured by mass spectrometry in wastewater collected at major sewage treatment plants in Milan (Italy) , Lugano (Switzerland) , and London (United Kingdom) . The amounts of drug residues conveyed to the treatment plants, reflecting the amounts collectively excreted with urine, were used to estimate consumption of the active parent drugs. Results: Reproducible and characteristic profiles of illicit drug use were obtained in the three cities, thus for the first time quickly revealing changes in local consumption (e.g., cocaine consumption rose significantly on weekends in Milan) . Profiles of local drug consumption based on wastewater measurements are in line with national annual prevalence estimates. Conclusions: Patterns and trends of drug abuse in local communities can be promptly monitored by this tool, a convenient new complement to more complex, lengthy survey methods. In principle, searching the sewage for excreted compounds relevant to public health issues appears to have the potential to become a convenient source of real-time epidemiologic information. Key words: amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, drug residues, illicit drugs, mass spectrometry, opiates, sewage epidemiology, urinary metabolites. Environ Health Perspect 116:1027–1032 (2008) . doi:10.1289/ehp.11022 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 1 May 2008]
Address correspondence to R. Fanelli, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy. Telephone: 39 0239014498. Fax: 39 0239014735. E-mail: fanelli@marionegri.it We thank R. Mazzini, C. Amadasi, and L. Kocher for assistance and collaboration. We also thank J. Baggott for help in preparing the manuscript. The authors declare they have no competing financial interests. Received 26 October 2007 ; accepted 1 May 2008.
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