- Full (HTML) - Full (PDF) - Related EHP Articles - PubMed:Related Articles - PubMed:Citation - Cited in PMC - Purchase This Issue

Jinyao Mo,¹ Yajuan Xia,² Zhixiong Ning,³ Timothy J. Wade,⁴ and Judy L. Mumford⁴

¹Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; ²Inner Mongolia Center for Endemic Disease Control and Research, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China; ³Ba Men Anti-epidemic Station, Lin He, Inner Mongolia, China; ⁴National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

Abstract
Background: Arsenic exposure is associated with human cancer. Telomerase-containing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) can extend telomeres of chromosomes, delay senescence, and promote cell proliferation leading to tumorigenesis.

Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of As on hTERT mRNA expression in humans and in vitro.

Method: A total of 324 Inner Mongolia residents who have been exposed to As via drinking water participated in this study. Water and toenail samples were collected and analyzed for As. Blood samples were quantified for hTERT mRNA expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The hTERT mRNA levels were linked to water and nail As concentrations and skin hyperkeratosis. Human epidermal keratinocytes were treated with arsenite to assess effects on cell viability and hTERT expression in vitro.

Results: hTERT mRNA expression levels were significantly associated with As concentrations of water (p < 0.0001) and nails (p = 0.002) and also associated with severity of skin hyperkeratosis (p < 0.05) , adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and pesticide use. Females showed a higher slope than males (females: 0.126, p = 0.0005 ; males: 0.079, p = 0.017) . In addition to water and nail As concentrations, age (p < 0.0001) and pesticide use (p = 0.025) also showed significant associations with hTERT expression. The hTERT expression levels decreased with age. Tobacco smoking did not affect hTERT expression (p = 0.13) . hTERT expression was significantly correlated with OGG1 and ERCC1 expression. The in vitro results also showed a dose–response relationship between arsenite concentrations and hTERT expression and reached the peak at 1 µM.

Conclusions: hTERT expression was associated with As exposure in vivo and in vitro. The increased hTERT expression may be a cellular response to genomic insults by As and may also indicate that As may function as a tumor promoter in carcinogenesis in humans.

Key words: arsenic, blood, drinking water, gene expression, hTERT, humans, mRNA, nail, telomerase, skin hyperkeratosis. Environ Health Perspect 117:354–360 (2009) . doi:10.1289/ehp.11532 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 2 October 2008]

Address correspondence to J.L. Mumford, MD 58C, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA. Telephone: (919) 966-0651. Fax: (919) 966-0655. E-mail: mumford.judy@epa.gov

We thank the staff members of the Inner Mongolia Center for Endemic Disease Control and Research and the Ba Men Anti-epidemic Station for their assistance in sample collection. We also thank X.C. Le, University of Alberta, for arsenic analysis of water samples.

The research described here has been reviewed by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents reflect the views and policies of the agency or endorse the trade names mentioned.

The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

Received 2 April 2008 ; accepted 1 October 2008.